Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autoimmune disease

Table 1 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autoimmune disease models

Human disease	Mouse model	Phenotype	T cell suppression	Suppressive mechanism	Suppressive role in vivo
Multiple sclerosis	EAE	CD11b+Ly6Chigh (M-MDSCs)	CD4+ T cells	NO-apoptosis	Not determined[18]
	EAE	CD11b+Ly6G- (M-MDSCs)	CD4+, CD8+, Ag-specific CD4+ T cells	NOS	No effect by naïve MDSCs[77]
	EAE	CD11b+Ly6Chigh (M-MDSCs)	Not determined	Not determined	Increase severity[73]
	EAE	Arg-1+CD11b+Gr-1low (M-MDSCs)	CD3+ T cells	Apoptosis	Not determined[10]
	EAE	CD11b+Ly6C+ (M-MDSCs)	CD4+ T cells	NO	Reduce severity by late phase MDSCs[34]
	EAE	CD11bhighLy6G+Ly6C- (G-MDSCs)	Th1 and Th17 cells	PD-L1	Reduce severity[12]
	EAE	CD11b+Gr-1+	Promote Th17 cells	IL-1β	Increase severity[33]
	EAE	CD11b+Gr-1+	Ag-specific Th17 cells	iNOS, arginase-1 and IL-10	Ablated iNKT-induced disease mitigation[78]
Rheumatoid arthritis	CIA	CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G- (M-MDSC)	CD4+ T cells	NO	Reduce severity[41]
	CIA	CD11b+Gr-1+	Th17 cells	Arginase and iNOS	Reduce severity[11]
	Proteoglycan- induced arthritis	CD11b+Gr-1+	Ag-specific T cells	NO and ROS	Not determined[79]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	MRL-faslpr	CD11b+Gr-1low (M-MDSCs)	CD4+ T cells	Arginase-1	Not determined[80]
Inflammatory bowel disease	HA-transgenic mice	CD11b+Gr-1+	Ag-specific CD8+ T cells	NO-apoptosis	Reduce severity[14]
	DDS-induced colitis	CD11b+Gr-1+	Not determined	Not determined	Reduce severity[75]
	IL-10-/-	CD11b+Gr-1+	MLN T cells	Not determined	Not determined[81]
	TNBS-induced colitis	CD11b+Gr-1+	Splenocytes	Not determined	Reduce severity[74]
T1D	INS-HA/ RAG-/-	Gr-1+CD115+ (M-MDSCs)	Induce Tregs and inhibit Teff cells	TGF-β and IL-10	Reduce severity[54]
	h-CD20/NOD	CD11b+Gr-1+	CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induce Tregs	NO and IL-10	Not determined[32]
Autoimmune hepatitis	Tgfb-/-	CD11b+Ly6Chigh Ly6G- (M-MDSCs)	CD4+ T cells	NO	Not determined[82]
Inflammatory eye disease	EAU	CD11b+Gr-1+ Ly6G- (M-MDSCs)	CD4+ T cells	TNFR-dependent, Arginase	Not Determined[9]
	EAU	REP-induced CD11b+Gr-1+	CD4+ T cells	Not determined	Reduce severity[76]
Alopecia areata	Alopecia areata-eczema	CD11b+Gr-1+	CD4+ and CD8+ T cells	CD3-zeta down-regulation	Local MDSC administration reduces severity[83]

TID: Type 1 diabetes; EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; CIA: Collagen-induced arthritis; MLR: Murphy roths large; HA: Hemagglutinin; DDS: Dextran sulphate sodium; INS: Insulin; RAG: Recombination-activating gene; NOD: Non-obese diabetic; EAU: Experimental autoimmune uveitis; M-MDSCs: Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells; G-MDSCs: Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MLN: Mesenteric lymph node; NO: Nitric oxide; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; PD-L1: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; IL-10: Interleukin 10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta; TNFR: Tumor necrosis factor receptor.