Decoy receptor 3: Its role as biomarker for chronic inflammatory diseases

Table 1 Expression profile of decoy receptor 3 in chronic inflammatory diseases and potential as a biomarker

Disease	Expression of DcR3	Utility as biomarker
Systemic lupus erythematosus[22,23]	Serum	Higher levels in active disease than in remission
Rheumatoid arthritis[26-29,32]	SerumSynovial fluidFibroblast-like synoviocytesInflamed synovium	Correlates with disease stage“Undetectable DcR3/low TL1A” serotype may predict lack of atheromatic plaque formation/progression in RA patients
Systemic sclerosis[34]	Serum	Higher levels in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis than in limited cutaneous diseaseCorrelates with markers of right ventricular functionCorrelates with inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR)
Osteoarthritis[27,28,35]	SerumChondrocytes
Ulcerative colitis[37,38]	Inflamed colon Lamina propria T cellsSerum	Higher levels in active disease than in remissionDecrease in serum levels in response to treatment
Crohn’s disease[7,39]	Inflamed colon Inflamed ileumSmall Intestinal epitheliumMononuclear and endothelial cells next to mucosal ulcersSerum	Higher levels in active disease than in remissionDecrease in serum levels in response to treatment
Appendicitis[8]	Epithelium of inflamed appendix
Sepsis[9,43]	SerumMonocytesMyeloid-derived dendritic cells	DcR3 levels may discriminate sepsis vs SIRSCorrelates with APACHE II score
Tuberculosis[42]	Serum	High serum levels predictive of development of active disease in patients with latent tuberculosisHigh serum levels associated with poor prognosis
ARDS[44]	Serum	High serum levels predictive of multiple organ failure and 28-d mortality
Atopic dermatitis[48]	Serum
Psoriasis[49,50]	Psoriatic lesionsKeratinocytesMacrophages Perivascular areas
Liver disease[45]	Regenerative and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis
Multiple sclerosis[51]	Cerebrospinal fluid
Chronic peritoneal dialysis[46]	Serum	High serum levels predictive of peritonitis
Silicosis[53]	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

DcR3: Decoy receptor 3; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.