Exploring the relationship between gut microbial ecology and inflammatory disease: An insight into health and immune function

Figure 4 Short-chain fatty acids participate in maintaining intestinal/colonic mucosal integrity by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. They induce immune tolerance by downregulation of histone deacetylase and NFB, manipulating proinflammatory gene expression by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor, prostaglandin E2, etc thereby resulting in formation of more Treg cells. SCFAs promote production of glucagon like peptide 1 and pancreatic peptide YY by binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2/3 of the intestinal endocrine L cells thereby controlling the appetite of the host along with glucose and lipid metabolism. FFA2/3: Free fatty acid receptor 2/3; GLP1: Glucagon like peptide 1; PEG2: Prostaglandin E2; PYY: Pancreatic peptide YY; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids.