Historical evolution, overview, and therapeutic manipulation of co-stimulatory molecules

Table 2 Tumor necrosis factor receptor super family co-stimulatory molecules

TNFR SF co-stimulatory molecules	Function	Cells expressing the receptor	Ligand	Cells expressing the ligand
OX40 (CD134)	Activation	Activated and regulatory T cells	OX40L	T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells, tumor cells
CD27 (TNFR SF7)	Activation	T and B cells, NK cells	CD70	NK, T and B cells
GITR (CD357)	Activation	T cells	GITRL	T cells
CD30 (TNFR SF8)	Activation	T and B cells	CD30L	T cells
HVEM (CD270)	Activation	Monocytes, T and B cells	LIGHT, BTLA, CD160, LTα3, HSV1gD	Monocytes and APCs
FAS (CD95)	Activation	NK and T cells	FASL	Dendritic cells, NK, T cells, neutrophils
CD40 (TNFR SF5)	Activation	All B-cell lineages except plasma cells, macrophages, activated monocytes, follicular dendritic cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts	CD40L	Activated CD4+ T cells, some CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, basophils, platelets monocytes and mast cells
RANK (CD265)	Activation	Osteoclast and dendritic cells	RANKL	Osteoblasts, T cells
TACI (CD267)	Inhibition	B and plasma cells	BAFF, APRIL	Stromal cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages

APCs: Antigen-presenting cells; APRIL: A proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF: B-cell activating factor; BTLA: B- and T lymphocyte attenuator; FASL: FAS ligand; GITR: Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein; HSV1gD: Herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein D; HVEM: Herpes virus entry mediator; LIGHT: TNFR14; LT3: Lymphotoxin-alpha 3; RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa; TACI: Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor; TNFR SF: Tumor necrosis factor superfamily.