Metabolic syndrome in the development and progression of prostate cancer

Table 2 Summary of studies on the association between the metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer

Ref.	Design	Country	Population	Time period	Size of cohort	Number of PCa cases	Criteria for MetS	Findings	Association
Hammarsten et al[13]	Cross-sectional	Sweden	Referrals with PCa	1995-2002	299	299	N/A	Increased risk of clinical stage T3 and high-grade disease with various components	Positive
Laukkanen et al[14]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Finland	Kuopio communities	1984-2001	1880	56	Modified WHO	Increased risk (RR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.1-3.5)	Positive
Lund Håheim et al[15]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Norway	Oslo study	1972-1998	15933	507	Modified ATP III	Increased risk (RR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.21-2.0)	Positive
Tande et al[17]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	United States	ARIC study	1987-2000	6429	385	ATP III	Decreased risk (RR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.6-0.98)	Inverse
Tuohimaa et al[21]	Longitudinal nested case-control	Finland	Helsinki heart study	1981-1997	588	132	N/A	Increased risk with high BMI, SBP, low HDL-C, vitamin D (OR = 8.03; 95%CI: 1.89-34.09)	Positive
Beebe-Dimmer et al[26]	Longitudinal case-control	United States	Flint Men's Health Study	1996-2002	498	139	Modified ATP III	Increased risk in AA men with 2 components (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.1-2.83)	Positive
Russo et al[23]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Italy	Men treated for PCa	1999-2005	16677	94	Treated for MetS	No association (RR = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.75-1.14)	Null
Inoue et al[24]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Japan	Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study	1993-2004	9548	119	Modified IDF	No association (HR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.47-1.22)	Null
Beebe-Dimmer et al[27]	Longitudinal case-control	United States	GECAP study	2001-2004	881	637	Modified ATP III	Increased risk of organ-confined disease in AA men (OR = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.02-3.23)	Positive
Martin et al[18]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Norway	2nd Nord Trøndelag Health Study	1995-2005	29364	687	Modified ATP III	No association (HR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.77-1.09)	Null
Grundmark et al[16]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Sweden	Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men	1970-2003	2322	237	ATP III, modified IDF	Increased risk only under competing risk analysis	Positive
De Nunzio et al[28]	Cross-sectional	Italy	Men with PSA ≥ 4 or abnormal DRE	2009-2010	195	83	ATP III	Increased risk of high-grade disease (OR = 3.82; 95%CI: 1.33-10.9)	Positive
Wallner et al[19]	Cross-sectional	United States	Olmsted county study	1990-2005	2445	206	Modified WHO	No association (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.2-3.3)	Null
Pelucchi et al[22]	Longitudinal case-control	Italy	Men admitted to participating hospitals	1991-2002	289866	6673	Joint criteria	Increased risk (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.22-2.28)	Positive
Osaki et al[25]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Japan	General health examinees in Tottori Prefecture	1992-2007	8239	152	Modified WHO, ATP III, IDF	No association based on any criteria	Null
Jeon et al[30]	Cross-sectional	South Korea	Men with PSA ≥ 4 or abnormal DRE	2003-2011	354	90	ATP III	Increased risk of high-grade disease (OR = 0.101; 95%CI: 0.022-0.473)	Positive
Häggström et al[20]	Longitudinal population-based cohort	Norway, Sweden, Austria	Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Project	1972-2006	289866	6673	Modified ATP III	Increased risk of PCa-specific mortality with increased composite metabolic factors (RR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.03-1.25)	Positive
Morote et al[29]	Cross-sectional	Spain	Men with PSA ≥ 4 or abnormal DRE	2006-2010	2408	848	ATP III	Increased risk of high-grade disease (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.26-2.41)	Positive
Cicione et al[31]	Cross-sectional	Italy	Men with HGPIN	2004-2011	161	42	ATP III	Increased risk with widespread HGPIN (57.4% vs 23.5%)	Positive

PCa: Prostate cancer; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; N/A: Not applicable; WHO: World Health Organization; ATP: Adult treatment panel; ARIC: Atherosclerosis risk in communities; AA: African-American; GECAP: Genes environment and prostate cancer; IDF: International diabetes federation; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen; HGPIN: High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.