Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pediatric esophageal atresia: Assessment of clinical symptoms and pH-impedance data

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of esophageal atresia patients, n (%)

Characteristic	EA with GERD, n = 20	EA without GERD, n = 17	P value
Age in yr, as median	4.93 (95%CI: 2.78 to 7.08; SD: 4.59); P < 0.001	5.06 (95%CI: 3.49 to 6.62; SD: 3.05)	0.444
Male/female, n	12/8	7/10	0.26
Gross type of EA	Type C-20 (100)	Type C- 17 (100)
Dysphagia	6 (30)	2 (11.8)	0.186
Vomiting	2 (10)	2 (11.8)	0.862
Heartburn	1 (5)	1 (5.9)	0.905
Cough	14 (70)	13 (76.5)	0.662
Recurrent pneumonia	2 (10)	-	0.186
Recurrent bronchitis	2 (10)	2 (11.8)	0.862
Asymptomatic	2 (10)	1 (5.9)	0.653
History of atopy	5 (25)	2 (11.8)	0.314
Esophagitis	9 (45)	7 (41.2)	0.819
Previously treated with PPIs	8 (40)	9 (52.9)	0.606

Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise noted. CI: Confidence interval; EA: Esophageal atresia; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors; SD: Standard deviation.