Can language acquisition be facilitated in cochlear implanted children? Comparison of cognitive and behavioral psychologists’ viewpoints

Table 2 Study characteristics and outcomes

Ref.	Yr	Study design	Evidence level	Sample	Result
Hegde et al[12]	1979	Case-control	III	Normal children	Behaviorist
				Language disorder children	Language learning is limited to what is trained especially in language disordered children Reinstatement and generalization are very rare
Elger et al[13]	1997	Low quality RCT	II	Temporal lob impaired patients	Cognitive based There is a relationship between temporal lobe structures for memory and language acquisition
Kutas et al[14]	2000	Systematic review of case-control studies	III	Normal children	Cognitive based The organization of semantic memory has an effect on word processing
Pisoni[15]	2000	Expert opinion	V	Cochlear implanted children	Cognitive based Promotion of cognitive development, information processing and language acquisition are the most important results of early cochlear implantation
Bloom[8]	2000	Narrative review	V	Normal children	Cognitive based Acquiring language is the result of cognitive abilities that include the abilities to acquire concepts and understanding of the mental status of other people
Iverson et al[16]	2004	Low quality RCT	II	Normal children	Cognitive based There is an age related increase in frequency of vocal motor coordination in children A temporal pattern similar to that is seen in adult gestures and speech coordination
Clark[9]	2004	Narrative review	V	Normal children	Cognitive based Conceptual and linguistic representations for talking about experience provide the starting point for language from the age of 12 mo
Pulvermüller[17]	2005	Expert opinion	V	Normal children	Cognitive based Motor development prompts cognitive development The neuronal connection between systems for action and language perception is seen
Yu et al[18]	2007	Single subject studies	V	Normal children	Cognitive based and behaviorist Child’s social cognitive capacities like joint attention, prosody and intention reading help him acquire the meaning of words. In other word, a combination of cognitive and behavioral development play important role in language development
Behrens et al[19]	2011	Systematic review of case-control studies	III	Normal children	Cognitive based and behaviorist
				Language disorder children	There is a relationship between motor and language development
Hegde et al[20]	2013	Prospective study	II	Learning disabled children	Behaviorist Reinforcement, imitation and modeling facilitate language acquisition Reinstatement and generalization are very rare

RCT: Randomized control trial.