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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Pediatr. Jun 9, 2025; 14(2): 104797
Published online Jun 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i2.104797
Published online Jun 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i2.104797
Table 7 Comparison of synthetic human milk oligosaccharides by method
| Feature | Microbial fermentation | Chemical synthesis | Enzymatic synthesis |
| Cost | Low to moderate | High | Moderate |
| Scalability | High | Low | Moderate |
| Structural diversity | Limited (simpler HMOs) | High (complex and rare HMOs) | High (with optimized enzyme cascades) |
| Environmental impact | Moderate | High | Low |
| Ease of production | Straightforward for common HMOs | Complex and labor-intensive | Depends on enzyme availability |
- Citation: Al-Beltagi M. Human milk oligosaccharide secretion dynamics during breastfeeding and its antimicrobial role: A systematic review. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14(2): 104797
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v14/i2/104797.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v14.i2.104797