Parental presence in the pediatric intensive care unit reduces postoperative sedative requirements: A retrospective study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 289)	Restricted parental care (n = 167)	Unrestricted parental care (n = 122)	P value
Age (years), median (IQR)	5.6 (2.0-12.8)	7.5 (2.8-13.7)	3.5 (1.3-10.8)	< 0.01
Sex, male	134 (46.4)	69 (41.3)	65 (53.3)	0.04
Weight (kg), median (IQR)	17.4 (11-32.4)	19.6 (12-39)	15 (9.5-28.8)	< 0.01
Comorbidities, yes	37 (12.8)	26 (15.)	11 (9.0)	0.10
Presence of cerebral palsy, yes	13 (4.5)	11 (6.7)	2 (1.6)	0.05
Type of surgery
Orthopedic	134 (46.4)	90 (53.9)	44 (36.1)	< 0.01
Abdominal	91 (31.5)	47 (28.1)	44 (36.1)	-
Other	64 (22.1)	30 (18.0)	34 (27.8)	-
LOS in ICU (days), median (IQR)	2 (2-3)	2 (2-3)	2 (2-4)	0.04
Hospital LOS, mean ± SD	16.0 ± 6.5	14.6 ± 6.0	18.2 ± 6.5	< 0.001
RASS, mean ± SD	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.2	< 0.01
Received diazepam	56 (19.4)	45 (27.0)	11 (9.0)	< 0.001
Diazepam dose (mg/kg), median (IQR)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.74
Received dexmedetomidine	3 (1.0)	1 (0.6)	2 (1.6)	0.58
Dexmedetomidine dose (mg/kg), median (IQR)	0.7 (0.7-0.7)	0.7 (0.7-0.7)	0.7 (0.7-0.7)	1.00
Received trimeperidine	209 (72.3)	133 (79.6)	76 (62.3)	< 0.01
Trimeperidine dose (mg/kg), median (IQR)	0.2 (0.15-0.25)	0.2 (0.2-0.25)	0.2 (0.15-0.25)	1.00
Received morphine	86 (29.8)	35 (21.0)	51 (41.8)	< 0.001
Morphine dose (mg/kg), median (IQR)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)	0.81

IQR: Interquartile range; LOS: Length of stay; ICU: Intensive care unit.