Childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease: A comprehensive review of disease, diagnosis, and therapeutic management

Table 1 Symptoms, risk factors, and complications associated with pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease

Category	Details	Ref.
Symptoms	Vomiting, regurgitation, feeding refusal, failure to thrive, Sandifer syndrome	Gonzalez Ayerbe et al[5], Czinn and Blanchard[6]
Extraesophageal symptoms	Chronic cough, wheezing, dental erosions, halitosis	Baird et al[7]
Risk factors	Prematurity, obesity, neurologic impairments, congenital anomalies (e.g., esophageal atresia, hernia)	Marseglia et al[8], Pashankar et al[9], Dziekiewicz et al[10]
Complications	Esophagitis, anemia, aspiration pneumonia, chronic lung disease, Barrett’s esophagus	Leung and Chan[11], Gaude[12], Khoshoo et al[13]