Genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse neonatal outcomes

Figure 3 Summarized role of various molecules participate in inflammatory and oxidative stress pathway in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IRS: Insulin receptor substrates; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; TLRs: Toll-like receptor; RONS: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; AGE: Advanced glycation end products; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP+: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized; NAD+: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase.