Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases: Pros and cons

Table 3 The changes in fecal calprotectin levels across different gastrointestinal diseases and populations

Cited literature	Gastrointestinal disease	Population	Calprotectin level	Changes in fecal calprotectin levels
Flagstad et al[52], 2010	FGID	Children between 4 and 15 yr	16 μg/g	No significant differences in FC levels between children with FGIDs and those without
Rhoads et al[61], 2009	Infant colic	Infants	413 +/- 71 μg/g vs 197 +/- 46 μg/g	FC levels were approximately twice as high in infants with colic compared to ‎control infants
Karabayır et al[62], 2021	Infant colic	Infants	651 µg/g and 354 µg/g, ‎respectively	Significantly higher FC typical infant colic ‎than in control infants
Olafsdottir et al[64], 2002	Infant colic	Infants	278 +/- 105 ‎μg/g vs 277 +/- 109 μg/g	No significant ‎difference in FC levels was detected between infants with classic infant colic and healthy infants
Pieczarkowski et al[72], 2018	FGID and IBD	Children	1191.5 μg/g. in IBD and 100 μg/g.in controls and patients with FIGDs	Patients with IBD and other inflammatory GI disorders had a significantly higher FC level than those in control
Rashed et al[66], 2022	Functional constipation	Children	23.6 ± 21.8 μg/g	No significant differences compared with healthy control
Mahjoub‎ et al[67], 2013	Functional constipation	Children	< 50 μg/g	FC was below the predetermined cutoff value of 50 μg/g
Shelly‎ et al[70], 2021	GERD	Preterm babies	-	High levels of FC in preterm babies with GERD than in their peer controls
Moorman‎ et al[71], 2021	FAPD	Children	≥ 50 µg/g	Children with FAPDs have significantly high FC, especially those with a clinically complex FAPD profile
Díaz et al[77], 2018	Non-IgE-mediated CMPA	Infants	-	No significant differences with healthy control
Zain-Alabedeen et al[78], 2023	CMPA	Infants	2934.57 µg/g vs 955.13 µg/g	Infants with positive CoMiSS had higher FC levels than those with negative CoMiSS scores with positive correlation between CoMiSS & FC
Qiu et al[79], 2021	CMPA	Infants	-	Significant FC reduction after dietary intervention
Degraeuwe et al[85], 2015	IBD	Children	was 212 µg/g	The best cut-off value to screen for IBD was 212 µg/g, with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 0.87, respectively
Foster et al[99], 2019	Crohn's disease	Children	250 µg/g	FC levels above 250 µg/g in children with Crohn's disease on Infliximab therapy may signify a risk of clinical relapse within three months
Balamtekın et al[104], 2012	Coeliac disease	Newly diagnosed children	117.2 μg/g in patients vs 3.7 μg/g in controls	Elevated levels compared to healthy controls and those on gluten-free diets. It is also higher in children with GI symptoms than those without
Shahramian et al[106], 2019	Coeliac disease	Newly diagnosed children	239.1 ± 177.3 μg/g vs 38.5 ± 34.6 μg/g in controls	a significant correlation between FC level and IgA ATGA titers
Montalto et al[107], 2007	Coeliac disease	Adults	-	No significant differences in FC levels between untreated adults with coeliac disease and the control and no significant relation between FC and lesion severity, clinical score, or degree of neutrophil infiltration
Szaflarska-Popławska et al[108], 2020	Coeliac disease	Newly diagnosed children	91.7 ± 144.8 µg/g	No significant relationship between FC and both the clinical picture and small intestinal lesions
Ojetti et al[114], 2020	COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal disorders	Adults with COVID-19	> 50 µg/g	Elevated levels associated with varying degrees of intestinal inflammation, including subclinical cases
Shokri-Afra et al[115], 2021	COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal disorders	Adults with COVID-19	124.3 vs 25.0 µg/g	Serum and‎ FC levels are not correlated with diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms
Sýkora et al[127], 2010	Acute gastroenteritis	Children under 3 yr	219 μg/g in bacterial vs 49.3 μg/g in viral	FC can help tell if the AGE is caused by bacteria ‎or viruses
Duman et al[128], 2015	Infectious gastroenteritis	Children with bacterial gastroenteritis	710 μg/g	Higher and persistent elevation compared to viral gastroenteritis, correlates with the severity and persistence of symptoms
Czub et al[129], 2014	Infectious gastroenteritis	Hospitalized children with severe gastroenteritis	20 (viral) vs 55 (Bacterial) vs 4 (healthy control) ug/mL	FC cannot differentiate between severe viral from bacterial gastroenteritis
Rumman et al[139], 2014	Cystic fibrosis	Children with cystic fibrosis	94.29 μg/g	Elevated levels reflect bacterial overgrowth and correlate with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms

CMPA: Cow milk protein allergy; CoMiSS: Cow’S milk-related-symptom- scores; FAPD: Functional Abdominal pain disorders; FC: Fecal calprotectin; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; ATGA: Anti-tissue transglutaminase; GI: Gastrointestinal; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.