Assessing the impact of concurrent high-fructose and high-saturated fat diets on pediatric metabolic syndrome: A review

Table 2 Recent studies focus on new therapeutic alternatives for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Model/population	Treatment	Outcomes	Ref.
Fructose-induced NAFLD; Neonatal rats	Oleanolic acid	Attenuates the subsequent development of HFr diet-induced NAFLD	Nyakudya et al[143]
HFr induced metabolic dysfunction; Rats (Rattus norvegicus)	Oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg); metformin (500 mg/kg)	Both treatments increased mono- and polyunsaturated FFAs, associated with increased glut-4, glut-5 and nrf-1 and decreased acc-1 and fas	Molepo et al[144]
MetS induced by HFr diet; female mice	Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and salidroside	Improved glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, including reduced levels of total cholesterol insulin, uric acid, LDL-C, and aspartate aminotransferase	Zhan et al[145]
Obesity and related diseases in humans	Olive oil triterpenic acids	Improves glucose and insulin homeostasis, lipid metabolism, adiposity and cardiovascular dysfunction in obesity	Claro-Cala et al [146]
HF and HFr diets induced metabolic dysfunction; Sprague dawley rat	Wheat flour, enriched with γ-oryzanol, phytosterol, and ferulic acid	Alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance through their elevation in the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt	Guo et al[147]
HF diet induced NAFLD; C57BL/6J mice	Quercetin	Decreased insulin resistance and NAFLD activity score, by reducing the intrahepatic lipid accumulation through its ability to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent lipoperoxidation and related lipotoxicity	Porras et al[148]
HFr induced NAFLD; Sprague dawley rats	Ursolic acid	Ursolic acid administration against dietary fructose-induced NAFLD in newborn rats by reducing fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation	Mukonowenzou et al[149]
Mouse 3T3-L1 fructose-induced NAFLD	Citrulline	Prevented hypertriglyceridemia and attenuated liver fat accumulation	Jegatheesan et al[150]
Sprague-Dawley rats MetS; in vitro and in vivo studies	Nanoformulations of herbal extracts	Decrease the lipid profile, inflammation, oxidative damage, and insulin resistance in in vitro and in vivo models of MetS-related complications	Nouri et al[151]
MetS humans	Pharmabiotics	Improves gut microbiota profile wich influence serum lipid levels, BP, neuroendocrine cells and immune functions via regulating the metabolism of the host	Nguyen et al[152]
MetS; in vivo studies	Seaweed-derived bioactive components	Modulate the gut microbiota by reversing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria; these compounds increase the production of short-chain fatty acids and influence glucose and lipid metabolism	Zang et al[153]
HFr induced adiposity	Valsartan; Amlodipine	Both treatment reduced triacylglycerol storage in adipocytes by inhibiting PU.1	Chou et al[154]
Hepatic steatosis induced by HFr diet; Wistar rats	β-catenin	Mediates the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist on ameliorating hepatic steatosis	Gao et al[155]
NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Humans	Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase inhibitors	Therapeutic target for MetS as a key regulatory role in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation pathways	Chen et al[156]

BP: Blood pressure; HFr: High-fructose; FFA: Free fatty acids; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HF: High-saturated fat; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: Metabolic syndrome.