Gut microbiota in preterm infants receiving breast milk or mixed feeding

Table 1 Perinatal and clinical characteristics and outcomes of 40 preterm infants, n (%)

Characteristics	Type of feeding		P value
	Breast milk, n = 21	Mixed, n = 19
Gender
Female	5 (24)	9 (47)	0.113
Male	16 (76)	10 (53)
Type of delivery
Vaginal	6 (28)	4 (21)	0.582
Cesarean section	15 (71)	15 (78)
Prematurity category
Late preterm (34-36.6 gestational weeks)	0 (0)	2 (10)	0.225
Preterm (28-33.6 gestational weeks)	20 (95)	15 (79)
Extreme preterm (< 27.6 gestational weeks)	1 (5)	2 (10)
Apgar score at 5 min
0–3	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.087
4–6	2 (9)	2 (10)
7–10	19 (90)	17 (89)
Gestational weeks, mean ± SD	29 ± 2	30 ± 2	0.103
Birth weight (g), mean ± SD	1,180 ± 217	1276 ± 169	0.132
Birth height (cm), mean ± SD	37 ± 3	38 ± 2	0.338
Intubated at birth	4 (19)	5 (26)	0.581
Days to achieve full enteral feeding, mean ± SD	18 ± 10	15 ± 8	0.346
NICU stay (days), mean ± SD	28 ±19	26 ±17	0.668
Late-onset sepsis	5 (24)	2 (10)	0.413
Retinopathy	1 (5)	0 (0)	0.997
Necrotizing enterocolitis	3 (14)	4 (21)	0.685
Patent ductus arteriosus	6 (29)	5 (26)	0.994
Respiratory distress syndrome	18 (86)	19 (100)	0.239
Bronchopulmonary displasia	4 (19)	3 (16)	0.991
Intraventricular hemorrhage	10 (48)	5 (26)	0.202
Mortality	0 (0)	2 (10)	0.218

NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit.