Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life: A ‎‎comprehensive review

Table 3 The factors affecting penile length from birth to adulthood

Factor	Description
Genetics	The most important factor affecting penile length is genetics. Studies have shown that up to 80% of the variation in penile length can be attributed to genetics. Therefore, penile length is a highly heritable trait that is passed down from parents to children. In addition, Certain genetic conditions can affect penile growth. For example, boys with Klinefelter syndrome tend to have smaller penises than boys without the disorder
Race and ethnicity	Studies suggest that there may be differences in penile size among different ethnic and racial groups, although these variations are generally within a normal range and not significant
Nutrition and Health	Proper nutrition and overall good health positively influence growth and development, including penile growth
Puberty	Significant penile growth during puberty due to hormonal surges, especially testosterone
Hormonal levels	Hormonal imbalances or medical conditions affecting hormone levels may influence penile growth. Testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, plays a critical role in the development and growth of the penis during puberty. Growth hormone also contributes to overall growth, including penile growth during adolescence
Environmental factors	Some environmental factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, may also affect penile growth. For example, boys exposed to phthalates, a type of chemical found in some plastics, had smaller penises than boys not exposed to phthalates. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings
Medical conditions	Certain medical conditions or disorders, such as endocrine disorders and chronic illnesses, affecting endocrine function can influence penile length
Obesity	Excess body fat can make the visible portion of the penis appear smaller due to the fat pad in the pubic area. Maintaining a healthy weight and reducing excess fat can help perceive penile length
Circumcision	Surgical removal of the foreskin (circumcision) affects the appearance of the penis but not its actual length
Exercising and physical activity	Regular physical activity and exercises targeting the pelvic area may help maintain good blood circulation and penile health
Medical conditions and disorders	Some medical conditions or disorders can affect penile growth or cause anomalies in penile development. These can include hormonal disorders, congenital abnormalities, and certain genetic conditions. Disorders like Peyronie's disease, characterized by fibrous scar tissue in the penis, can cause curvature and shortening of the penis
Penis disorders and injuries	Trauma, surgical procedures, or diseases affecting the penis can cause changes in penile length. In some cases, surgical procedures might impact the size or appearance of the penis
Age and aging	Natural changes in penile length and appearance as men age may occur due to changes in blood flow, tissue elasticity, and overall health