Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life: A ‎‎comprehensive review

Table 2 Factors that affect the stretched penile length at birth

Factor	Description
Genetic factors	Genetic factors influence the tissue response to androgens and can contribute to variations in penile size and development
Ethnicity‎	There may be variations in penile length at birth among different ethnic groups. African and African-Caribbean ethnic backgrounds tend to have, on average, longer penile lengths compared to other ethnic groups. Individuals from Asian ethnic backgrounds tend to have slightly shorter penile lengths than African and African-Caribbean populations. Caucasian/European and Latino/Hispanic Ethnicities fall in the intermediate range in terms of penile length
Prenatal testosterone levels	Hormones, particularly testosterone, play a crucial role in developing the male reproductive system, including the penis. Testosterone influences the growth of the penis during fetal development
Gestational age	Premature babies may have a smaller penile length at birth than full-term infants. The duration of gestation can influence the development of the reproductive organs, including the penis
Birth length	This effect is observed in preterm infants
Birth weight	Babies who have a lower birth weight also tend to have shorter penises
Maternal Health and Nutrition	The health and nutrition of the mother during pregnancy can impact fetal development, including penile growth. Adequate nutrition and a healthy pregnancy can support normal development
Fetal growth and development	The fetus's growth and development rate during pregnancy can affect penile length at birth. Factors such as intrauterine growth restriction can potentially influence penile size
Certain medical conditions	Some medical conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome, can cause a decrease in SPL at birth
Health conditions during pregnancy	Certain medical conditions during pregnancy, such as hormonal imbalances or endocrine disorders in the mother, can affect fetal development, including penile length
Environmental factors	Environmental factors, including exposure to toxins, pollutants, or substances that can disrupt hormone levels, might impact penile development in utero
Maternal exposure to certain medications	Some medications, such as corticosteroids and certain anticonvulsants, have been linked to a decrease in SPL at birth

SPL: Stretched penile length.