Renal calcification in children with renal tubular acidosis: What a paediatrician ‎should ‎know‎

Table 5 Comparison of different imaging modalities in nephrocalcinosis due to RTA

Modality	Advantages	Limitations
X-ray	Readily available; Cost-effective; Quick initial assessment; Suitable for detecting large, dense stones	Limited sensitivity for smaller or radiolucent stones; No detailed anatomical information
Ultrasound	Can be used to assess kidney size, shape, and echogenicity; Non-invasive; Real-time imaging; Widely available; Initial assessment of kidney stones and medullary cyst	Reduced sensitivity for smaller or deeply located calcifications; Limited anatomical details
CT	Excellent spatial resolution; Detailed cross-sectional images; Highly sensitive for detecting kidney stones and calcifications; Assesses impact on kidney function and urinary tract	Involves exposure to ionizing radiation; Contrast agents may be contraindicated in some patients; Not suitable for all patients due to contrast use
MRI	No ionizing radiation; Detailed images of the extent of calcification and surrounding soft tissue damage; Multiplanar imaging capability; Can provide information on tissue characteristics and perfusion	It may not be as readily available as other modalities; Limited sensitivity for detecting small or faint calcifications

CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.