Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies/harmful materials in children from Bahrain: A retrospective cohort study

Table 6 Predictors of complications in children with accidental ingestion based on type of ingested materials (foreign body or caustic material)

Variable	FB complications, n = 104		P value	Caustic complications, n = 31		P value
	Yes, n = 28 (26.9)	No, n = 76 (73.1)		Yes, n = 11 (35.5)	No, n = 20 (64.5)
Sex			0.661a			1.000a
Male	16 (57.1)	39 (51.3)		7 (63.6)	13 (68.4)
Female	12 (42.9)	37 (48.7)		4 (36.4)	6 (31.6)
Nationality			0.775a			0.199a
Bahraini	24 (85.7)	61 (80.3)		10 (90.9)	12 (63.2)
Non-Bahraini	4 (14.3)	15 (19.7)		1 (9.1)	7 (36.8)
Socioeconomic status (n = 74)			0.028b			0.059b
Low	9 (42.9)	16 (30.2)		2 (28.6)	1 (12.5)
Medium	10 (47.6)	15 (28.3)		4 (57.1)	1 (12.5)
High	2 (9.5)	22 (41.5)		1 (14.3)	6 (75.0)
Working mother (n = 74)	4/21 (19.0)	24/53 (45.3)	0.061a	1/7 (14.3)	3/8 (37.5)	0.569a
Number of siblings, (n = 74)	3 (2-4)	3 (2-4)	0.355c	3 (1-5)	3 (3-4)	0.779c
Age at presentation (yr), (n = 103)	2.8 (1.5-4.2)	3.4 (2.2-5.7)	0.069c	1.5 (0.9-2.5)	1.9 (1.6-2.7)	0.185c
Age group (yr) (n = 103)			0.042b			0.181b
0-1	11 (39.3)	11 (14.7)		8 (72.7)	9 (47.4)
2-3	9 (32.1)	35 (46.7)		2 (18.2)	8 (42.1)
4-5	4 (14.3)	20 (26.7)		0 (0.0)	2 (10.5)
≥ 6	4 (14.3)	9 (12.0)		1 (9.1)	0 (0.0)
Presence of ingestion witness (n = 93)	12/27 (44.4)	25/66 (37.9)	0.643a	4/10 (40)	10 (55.6)	0.695a
Time to presentation (h), (n = 96)	3 (1-8.5)	2 (1-5)	0.325c	1 (0.3-3.0)	2 (0.5-6.0)	0.155c
Length of stay (d), (n = 102)	2 (1-4)	1 (0-1)	< 0.001c	7 (2-12)	1 (0-2)	< 0.001c
Number of ingested FBs/materials per patientc			0.372b			1.000b
1	18 (64.3)	60 (78.9)		11 (100)	18 (94.7)
2-5	6 (21.4)	12 (15.8)		0 (0.0)	1 (5.3)
6-10	1 (3.6)	1 (1.3)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
> 10	3 (10.7)	3 (3.9)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Type of FBs			0.384b	NA	NA	NA
Battery	15 (53.6)	34 (44.7)	0.508a	NA	NA	NA
Metal/sharp object	6 (21.4)	23 (30.3)	0.464a	NA	NA	NA
Magnets	6 (21.4)	9 (11.8)	0.224a	NA	NA	NA
Coin	1 (3.6)	7 (9.2)	0.679a	NA	NA	NA
Food bolus1	0 (0.0)	3 (3.9)	0.562a	NA	NA	NA
Anatomical location			0.682b	NA	NA	NA
Esophagus	3 (11.1)	13 (17.3)	0.550a	NA	NA	NA
Stomach	16 (59.3)	38 (50.7)	0.504a	NA	NA	NA
Bowel	8 (29.6)	23 (30.7)	1.000a	NA	NA	NA
Clinical presentations			0.027a			1.000a
Symptomatic	19 (67.9)	32 (42.1)		9 (90)	17 (89.5)
Asymptomatic	9 (32.1)	44 (57.9)		1 (10)	2 (10.5)

^aFisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables.

^bPearson’s χ² test was used for categorical variables.

^cMann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables.

¹Intact grape, olive, and pistachio nut (n = 1 each).

Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P < 0.05. Data are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). FB: Foreign body; NA: Not applicable.