Cow’s milk-induced gastrointestinal disorders: From infancy to adulthood

Table 1 The various gastrointestinal effects of cow’s milk in humans

Items	Details
Cow’s milk protein allergy	Pediatric onset: (1) IgE-mediated; (2) Non-IgE-mediated; and (3) Mixed type
	Adult onset: (1) Mostly IgE-mediated; and (2) Pregnancy-induced CMPA
	Pediatric onset with adulthood persistence
Lactose intolerance	Developmental
	Congenital (inherited)
	Primary (aging-induced)
	Secondary
Cow’s milk-related functional gastrointestinal disorders	Functional dyspepsia
	Persistent regurgitation and gastroesophageal reflux
	Infant colic
	Functional constipation
	Irritable bowel syndrome
Cow’s milk and inflammatory bowel diseases	Crohn’s disease
Cow’s milk-related gastrointestinal cancer	Anti-colorectal cancer
Milk-born gastrointestinal infections	Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella species, brucellosis, streptococcal infections, “summer diarrhea”, Yersinia enterocolitica, diphtheria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter species, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella species

E. coli: Escherichia coli.