Management of sleep disorders among children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A practical guide for clinicians

Table 1 Showing majority of sleep disorders can be grouped into 6 main categories

Category	Description		Conditions and causes, some examples
Insomnias	Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep		Environmental: Poor sleep hygiene, bedroom noise, bright light. Behavioural insomnia of childhood (sleep onset/limit setting/combined). Psychiatric, trauma and substance misuse: Anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, abuse or neglect, bullying, drug and substance misuse. Medical: Pain (headaches, joint pains), lung problems (asthma, cystic fibrosis), skin (eczema, allergies), neuromuscular, obesity, medication side effects
Sleep related breathing disorders	Breathing difficulties during sleep		Obstructive sleep apnoea. Central sleep apnoea
Central disorders of hypersomnolence	Excessively sleepy		Narcolepsy
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Sleep times are out of alignment		Delayed sleep phase syndrome. Jet lag
Parasomnias	Unwanted events or experiences that occur at the time of falling asleep, sleeping or waking up	During NREM sleep	Confusional arousals. Sleep terrors. Sleep-walking
		During REM sleep	Nightmares
		Others	Enuresis
Sleep related movement disorders	Unusual body movements during sleep		Bruxism. Restless legs syndrome. Periodic limb movement disorder. Rhythmic movement disorder (head banging, body rocking)

OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD: Post traumatic stress disorder; NREM: Non-rapid eye movement; REM: Rapid-eye-movement.