Non-pharmacological management of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders: Current evidence and future perspectives

Table 2 Levels of evidence for different non-pharmacological therapies in the treatment of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders

Therapy	Year of study	Type of sample	Level of evidence	Ref.
CBT	2010	C	II	[62]
	2013	C	II	[61]
	2017	C	II	[64]
	2019	C	II	[65]1
Meditation	2016	C	I	[74]
	2016	A	I	[72]
	2017	C	II	[73]1
	2017	A	III	[71]
Acupuncture	2008	A/C	I	[79]
	2011	C	II	[78]
	2011	C	IV	[81]
	2018	C	II	[80]1
Yoga	2011	C	IV	[92]
	2014	A/C	III	[94]
	2016	A/C	II	[95]
	2018	C	IV	[93]1
Massage	2008	C	III	[96]
	2012	C	III	[100]
	2013	C	III	[97]
	2013	C	III	[98]
	2020	C	III	[99]1
	2020	C	IV	[101]
Spinal manipulation	2007	C	II	[99]
	2009	C	II	[96]
	2012	C	II	[95]
	2019	C	II	[97]
	2020	C	II	[98]1
	2020	C	III	[26]
Moxibustion	2016	A	II	[100]
	2016	A/C	V	[102]
	2019	C	IV	[101]1
Physical activities	2018	C	II	[104]
	2019	C	II	[106]
	2019	C	III	[107]
	2020	C	II	[103]1
	2020	C	II	[105]

Adapted from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons rating scale for risk studies, 2011[108].

¹The references with best-level of evidence and most recent for each non-pharmacological therapy are highlighted.

A: Adults; C: Children; CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy.