Psychotropic drug abuse in pregnancy and its impact on child neurodevelopment: A review

Table 1 Commonly used psychotropic drugs during pregnancy

Drug classification	Drugs	Common forms	Routes of administration
Cannabis	Marijuana	Greenish-gray mixture of dried different parts of cannabis plant; resin (hashish) or sticky, black liquid (hash oil)	Smoking, dabbing, or vaporization; Eaten (drops, cakes, tinctures, candies, snacks, and drinks); Suppositories
	Hashish
	Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists
Narcotics	Opium	Sticky brown gum; White or brownish powder, or black substance known as “black tar”; Colorful methadone and tramadol tablets with imprinted logos, capsules, powder, liquid	Injected, smoked, snorted; Swallowed
	Heroin
	Synthetic opioids (methadone, tramadol, buprenorphine)
Stimulants	Amphetamine-type stimulants (Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Ecstasy)	White powder, crystal or shiny blue-white “rocks”; Colorful ecstasy tablets with imprinted logos, capsules; White powder and rock crystal cocaine	Snorted, smoked, injected, swallowed
	Cocaine
Hallucinogens	LSD, psilocin mescaline (peyote)	Decorated squares of absorbent paper that LSD has been added to, Tablet, capsule, clear liquid; small pills (dots); Peyote cacti	Swallowed, absorbed through mouth tissues (paper squares); Mixed in food or brewed as tea
Alcohol	Ethyl alcohol	Alcoholic beverages with different alcohol content	Ingested

LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide.