Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension among children with Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Screening methodology of the included studies

Ref.	Diagnosis established by	Age group, (mean ± SD, yr)	Sex (M:F)	Diagnostic criteria for PH
De Rubens et al[48]	Echocardiography	Less than 16 yr	1:1	NM
Shah et al[33]	Echocardiography	Newborn	10:7	Right to left shunting at ductal or atrial level in the absence of severe pulmonary parenchymal disease
Cua et al[35]	Echocardiography	Neonate	25:33	Right-to-left shunt at the ductal level or flattening of the IVS in the absence of a PDA
Weijerman et al[40]	Echocardiography	Neonate	NM	Right-to-left shunt at the ductal level
Banjar et al[41]	Echocardiography	3.3 ± 3.9	34:25	> 50% of systolic systemic pressure
Mourato et al[42]	Echocardiography	Infant	61:77	mPAP > 25 mmHg
Sharma et al[43]	Echocardiography	Less than 12 yr	4:3	mPAP >25 mmHg
Shrestha et al[36]	Echocardiography	4 mo to 12 yr	1:1.4	NM
Espinola-Zavaleta et al[44]	Echocardiography	Up to 18 yr	64:63	mPAP > 30 mm Hg
Bermudez et al[34]	Echocardiography	Up to 11 mo	NM	mPAP > 25 mmHg
Zonouzi et al[45]	Echocardiography	1 mo-20 yr	53:57	NM
Joffre et al[6]	Echocardiography	1mo-16 yr	2:1	NM
Okeniyi et al[37]	Echocardiography	3 mo-9 yr	3:4	NM
Bush et al[38]	Echo or catheterization	Birth to 21 yr	688:564	mPAP > 25 mmHg; IVS flattening, RV dilation, or presence of RV hypertrophy
Martin et al[39]	Echocardiography	Neonate	62:59	Right to-left shunt across the PDA, IVS bowing into the left ventricle, or the presence of a TR jet
Zahari et al[46]	Echocardiography	Newborn	189:225	IVS flattening, a dilated main pulmonary artery, and dilated right cardiac chambers
Alsuwayfee et al[47]	Echocardiography	< 15 yr	0.85:1	mPAP > 25 mmHg

PH: Pulmonary hypertension; IVS: Interventricular septum; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; TR: Tricuspid regurgitation; PAP: Pulmonary artery pressure; NM: Not mentioned.