Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Pediatr. May 9, 2021; 10(3): 15-28
Published online May 9, 2021. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v10.i3.15
Published online May 9, 2021. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v10.i3.15
Table 1 Autism comorbidities
Related disorders |
Anxiety disorder |
Obsessive-compulsive disorders |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders |
Mood disorders |
Sleep disorders: Difficulty falling asleep, inability to sleep in a flat position, nighttime reawakenings, sleepwalking |
Epilepsy |
Systemic medical disorders |
Accidents |
Injuries, drowning, suffocation, etc. |
Genetic disorders |
Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis type I, and tuberous sclerosis complex |
Metabolic disorders |
Mitochondrial disorders, disorders of creatine metabolism, selected amino acid disorders, disorders of folate or vitamin B12 metabolism, and selected lysosomal storage disorders |
Endocrine disorders |
e.g., hypothyroidism |
Neurological disorders |
Congenital abnormalities of the nervous system, epilepsy, macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, migraine/headaches, paralytic muscular disorders like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, increase in sympathetic and a decrease in parasympathetic activity, and dysautonomia |
Immune dysfunction |
Neuroinflammation, immune deficiency and dysfunction |
GI disorders |
Chronic constipation, chronic diarrhea, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux and/or disease, nausea and/or vomiting, chronic flatulence, abdominal discomfort, ulcers, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, food intolerance, and/or failure to thrive |
Feeding disorders |
Selective eating, difficulty swallowing, abnormal behaviors during meals such as ritualistic behaviour, throwing tantrums or gagging and vomiting |
Allergic disorders |
Asthma, nasal allergies, atopic diseases (immunoglobulin E-mediated), food allergies and intolerances |
Toileting problems |
Difficulties in learning how to use the toilet during the day and at night, knowing when they need to use the toilet, communicating the need to use the toilet, being able to get to the toilet independently or in time, learning to use different toilets with which they are unfamiliar, wiping themselves, sensory differences (dislike of the noise made by toilets, the sensation of passing urine/faeces, a cold toilet seat, or a preoccupation with water in the toilet), smearing faeces, a range of continence-specific difficulties, including bowel or bladder difficulties such as bedwetting and constipation |
- Citation: Al-Beltagi M. Autism medical comorbidities. World J Clin Pediatr 2021; 10(3): 15-28
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v10/i3/15.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v10.i3.15