Treatment of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure: Now and future

Table 3 Long term randomized control trials investigating the effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with central sleep apnea

Author, year	Duration	n	Design	Findings
Sin, 2000[12]	2.2 yr (median)	66	No-CSA-control vs no-CSA-CPAP vs CSA-CPAP vs CSA-control	Mortality-cardiac transplantation rate↓ who complied with CPAP, LVEF↑ in CSA-CPAP group
Bradley, 2005[13] (CANPAP trial)	2 yr (mean)	258	CSA-control vs CPAP	Plasma NE↓, LVEF↑, distance in a 6-min walk test↑
Arzt, 2007[14] (Post hoc analysis of CANPAP trial)	23 mo (mean)	210	CSA-control vs CPAP	Patients whose AHI < 15 events/h by CPAP had significantly improved transplant-free survival and greater improvement in LVEF compared with control

RCT: Randomized control trial; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; HF: Heart failure; CSA: Central sleep apnea; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; NE: Norepinephrine; AHI: Apnea hypopnea index.