Caveolae, caveolin-1 and cavin-1: Emerging roles in pulmonary hypertension

Figure 3 Schematic representation of alterations in caveolin-1 and the downstream pathways affected by caveolin-1 in human idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and experimental models of pulmonary hypertension. Cav-1 expression is decreased in the lung. Downstream signaling pathways that are affected by cav-1 are diverse in different animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and in humans. However, they eventually lead to vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling and development of PH. PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; Cav-1: Caveolin-1.