Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling in lung pathophysiology

Table 2 Lysophosphatidic acid effects on different cell types

Cell type	Primary	Species	LPA effect	Receptor	Experiment	Carrier	Ref
Alveolar and bronchial epithelial	Yes	Mouse	Apoptosis	LPAR1	In vivo	Biological fluid	[41]
Alveolar and bronchial epithelial	Yes	Mouse	Apoptosis	LPAR2	In vivo	Biological fluid	[41,42]
NHBEs	Yes	Human	(anchorage dependent) Apoptosis	LPAR1	In vitro	FAF BSA	[41]
NHBEs	Yes	Human	TSLP, CCL20 induction		In vitro	No	[50]
NHBEs	Yes	Human	TGF-β activation	LPAR2	In vitro	No	[43]
NHBEs	Yes	Human	Induction of Soluble ST2 expression	LPAR1,3	In vitro	NA	[61]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	EGFR transactivation, IL-8 secretion		In vitro	BSA; BSA	[46,49]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	Induction of IL-13 Ralpha 2	Gαi linked	In vitro	No	[54]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	Epithelial barrier integrity enhancement	LPAR1,3	In vitro	NA; BSA	[56,209]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	Decrease of EGFR-EGF binding		In vitro	BSA	[66]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	COX-2 expression, PGE2 secretion	Gαi linked	In vitro	No	[63]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	PDGFR-β transactivation		In vitro	BSA	[68]
Bronchial epithelial (HBEpCs)	Yes	Human	c-Met redistribution on the membrane		In vitro	No	[70,299]
Bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B)	No	Human	EGFR transactivation		In vitro	BSA	[66]
Bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B)	No	Human	RANTES inhibition	LPAR1	In vitro	FAF BSA	[59]
R3/1 Alveolar epithelial	No	Rat	Inhibition of attachment		In vitro	FAF BSA	[41]
Tracheal epithelial	Yes	Mouse	COX-2 expression, PGE2 secretion	LPAR2	In vitro/vivo	No	[57]
H292 lung cancer epithelial	No	Human	Decrease of EGFR-EGF binding		In vitro	BSA	[66]
A549 alveolar epithelial carcinoma	No	Human	Decrease of EGFR-EGF binding		In vitro	BSA	[66]
A549 alveolar epithelial carcinoma	No	Human	p53 decrease		In vitro	FAF BSA	[73]
A549 alveolar epithelial carcinoma	No	Human	Cell migration	LPAR1	In vitro	BSA; BSA	[40,74]
NCI-H522 lung epithelial carcinoma	No	Human	Cell motility		In vitro	BSA	[74]
Fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL1)	No	Human	Chemotaxis		In vitro	Biological fluid	[31]
NLFs CCL151	No	Human	Proliferation, EGFR ectodomain shedding	Gi/o linked	In vitro	No	[81]
Fetal lung fibroblasts MRC5	No	Human	proliferation	LPAR1,3	In vitro	No	[226]
Fetal lung fibroblasts IMR-90	No	Human	Chemotaxis	LPAR1	In vitro		[95]
NLFs	Yes	Human	Differentiation, TGF-β expression and signaling	LPAR2	In vitro	No	[42]
Lung fibroblasts	Yes	Mouse	Differentiation, TGF-β expression and signaling	LPAR2	In vitro	No	[42]
Lung fibroblasts	Yes	Mouse	Chemotaxis	LPAR1	In vitro	FAF BSA	[31]
Lung fibroblasts	Yes	Mouse	Protection from apoptosis	LPAR1	In vitro	FAF BSA	[41]
NIH 3T3 fibroblasts	No	Mouse	Protection from apoptosis, proliferation	Gi linked	In vitro	FAF BSA	[99]
NIH 3T3 fibroblasts	No	Mouse	Migration, protection from apoptosis, proliferation		In vitro	BSA	[100]
Rat1/c-Myc fibroblasts	No	Rat	Protection from apoptosis		In vitro	FAF BSA	[99]
Lung endothelial	Yes	Mouse	Vascular leak/extravasation	LPAR1	In vivo	Biological fluid	[31]
HPAECs pulmonary endothelial	Yes	Human	Increase of the endothelial layer permeability	LPAR6	In vitro	FAF BSA	[106]
BPAE pulmonary artery endothelial	No	Bovine	Migration, chemotaxis		In vitro	FAF BSA	[127-129]
Smooth muscle cells	Yes	Rabbit, cat	Contraction		Ex vivo	BSA	[140]
HASM airway smooth muscle cells	Yes	Human	Proliferation, stimulation of EGFR signaling		In vitro	NA; BSA	[139,141]
HASM airway smooth muscle cells	Yes	Human	Activation of TGF-β		In vitro	NA	[143]
Dendritic cells	Yes	Mouse	Inhibition of activation	LPAR2	In vitro, in vivo	FAF BSA	[58]
Lung resident mesenchymal stem cells	Yes	Human	Migration	LPAR1	In vitro	No	[298]

LPA: Lysophosphatidic acid; NHBEs: Normal bronchial epithelial; HBEpCs: Human bronchial epithelial cells; BEAS-2B: Bronchial epithelial cell line; NLFs: Normal lung fibroblasts; HPAECs: Human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells; LPAR: Lysophosphatidic acid receptor; NA: Not available; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; FAF: Fatty acid free.