Universal screening for hemoglobinopathies in today's multi-ethnic societies: How and when

Table 1 Cross table indicating the risk for the progeny of carriers of the common β globin gene defects

β traits	β minor	HbS	HbE	HbC	HbD	HbY
β minor	β major
HbS	SCD	SCD
HbE	β major	SCD	β minor
HbC	β minor?	SCD	β minor	β minor
HbD	β minor	SCD	β minor	Normal	Normal
HbX	?	?	?	?	?	?

Hb: Hemoglobin; SCD: Sickle cell disease; HbD: HbD^Punjab.