Association between gamete source, exposure and preeclampsia: A review of literature

Table 2 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in donor oocytes, donor sperm and donor embryos pregnancies

Ref.	Design	Sample size	Main outcome measures	Findings
Donor oocytes
Söderström-Anttila et al[11]	Retrospective cohort	51 oocyte donation pregnancies 97 IVF age matched controls	The incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	The incidence of PIH in primiparae was 30% in oocyte donor recipients and 13% in IVF controls (P < 0.05), no difference in preeclampsia incidence between two groups
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	27 donor oocytes pregnancies 27 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 16% vs 3.7% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Keegan et al[38]	Retrospective anonymous questionnaire study	199 oocyte donor recipients 488 autologous IVF controls	The incidence of PIH	Rate of pregnancy induced hypertension in < 35 years old was 42% vs 12%, P < 0.001 (cases vs controls) and > 40 years old 26% vs 14%, P = 0.003 (cases vs controls)
Klatsky et al[9]	Retrospective matched cohort	77 donor oocytes recipients 81 autologous IVF controls	The incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	16.9% of cases with preeclampsia vs 4.9% controls 24.7% of cases with PIH vs 7.4 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor oocytes OR = 4.0 (95%CI: 1.2-13.8) and for gestational hypertension OR = 4.2 (95%CI: 1.5-11.9)
Tranquilli et al[12]	Retrospective matched cohort	26 donor oocytes recipients 52 autologous ICSI pregnancies 52 AMA controls	Prevalence of preeclampsia	Prevalence of preeclampsia 19.2% in donor oocyte recipients vs 0% in autologous ICSI and AMA controls (P < 0.001)
Donor sperm
Need et al[33]	Case series	584 AID pregnancies	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 9.3%
Smith et al[35]	Retrospective cohort	37 donor insemination pregnancies 44 controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	24.3% of cases with preeclampsia vs 6.8% controls RR for preeclampsia with donor insemination RR = 1.85 (95%CI: 1.20-2.85)
Hoy et al[34]	Retrospective cohort	1552 donor insemination pregnancies 7717 controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	8.4% of cases with preeclampsia vs 5.2 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor insemination OR = 1.4 (95%CI: 1.2-1.8)
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	33 donor sperm pregnancies 33 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 18.2% vs 0% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Hall et al[37]	Retrospective cohort	45 donor insemination pregnancies 173 controls	The incidence of proteinuric hypertension	No difference in incidence of proteinuric hypertension between cases and controls (13.3% vs 11.0%)
Kyrou et al[36]	Retrospective cohort	438 donor insemination pregnancies 275 partner sperm	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 10.9% vs 7.2% (cases vs controls), difference 3.7%; 95%CI: -0.8 to 7.8
Donor embryos
Porreco et al[39]	Retrospective cohort	23 donor embryos pregnancies 24 age matched IVF controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	26% of cases with preeclampsia vs 29% controls OR for preeclampsia with donor embryos OR = 0.86 (95%CI: 0.24-3.09)
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	12 donor embryos pregnancies 12 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 25% vs 0% (cases vs controls), NS

AMA: Advanced maternal age; AID: Artificial donor insemination; IVF: In vitro fertilization; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; PIH: Pregnancy induced hypertension; NS: Non significant.