Association between gamete source, exposure and preeclampsia: A review of literature

Table 1 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in relation to change of paternity

Ref.	Design	Sample size	Main outcome measures	Findings
Robillard et al[20]	Case control	74 hypertensive cases 60 controls	Change of paternity	Change of paternity was 61.7%, 10% and 16.6% inn PIH group, chronic hypertension group and controls respectively (P < 0.0001)
Feeney et al[21]	Matched case control	47 cases with preeclampsia 47 normotensive controls	Change of paternity	13 cases with paternity change vs 3 controls with paternity change (P < 0.01)
Ikedife[22]	Case series	46 eclamptic multiparous patients	74% of subjects had paternity change
Chng[23]	Case report	Case of severe preeclampsia in the patient with prior history of uneventful first pregnancy after change of paternity
Tubbergen et al[24]	Retrospective case control study	333 multiparous subjects with hypertensive disorder 182 multiparous normotensive subjects	Change of paternity	22.6%-preeclamptic multiparas with change of paternity; 27.0%-HELLP multiparas with change of paternity; 3.3%-change of paternity among normotensive multiparas OR for preeclampsia among subjects with new partner was 8.6 (95%CI: 3.1-23.5) and for HELLP 10.9 (95%CI: 3.7-32.3) comparing to normotensive subjects
Li et al[25]	Retrospective cohort	140147 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia	OR for preeclampsia among women with previous normal pregnancy and change of paternity was 1.3 (95%CI: 1.1-1.6)
Trupin et al[26]	Prospective cohort	5800 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	Adjusted OR for preeclampsia among multiparas with change of paternity 1.4 (95%CI: 0.8-2.4)
Bandoli et al[27]	Prospective cohort	1396 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	OR for preeclampsia 2.75 (95%CI: 1.33-5.68) among women with change paternity
Verwoerd et al[28]	Case control	60 multigravidae with preeclampsia	Change of paternity	Change of paternity was 38.3% vs 21.7% (cases vs controls)
		60 normotensive multigravidae		Uncorrected OR for preeclampsia with primipaternity 2.3 (95%CI: 0.9-5.5)
Chigbu et al[29]	Prospective cohort	732 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia in 3.5% of cases vs 3.1% controls (NS)
Saftlas et al[30]	Retrospective cohort	4589 pregnancies	Incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	Adjusted OR for preeclampsia among women with history of abortion who conceived again with same partner 0.55 (95%CI: 0.21-0.97)
Olayemi et al[31]	Prospective cohort	2630	Incidence of hypertension in pregnancy	History of same paternity abortion was protective against preeclampsia (HR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.22-0.96)

PIH: Pregnancy induced hypertension; NS: Non significant.