Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Neurol. Mar 28, 2016; 6(1): 1-13
Published online Mar 28, 2016. doi: 10.5316/wjn.v6.i1.1
Table 2 Studies utilizing therapeutic interventions to alter aquaporin-4 expression after spinal cord injury
Ref.SpeciesModelDeviceParametersLevelTreatmentTiming/ durationAQP4 RNAAQP4 proteinAQP4 IHCWater contentBehavioral outcome
Vitellaro-Zuccarello et al[73]Sprague dawley male ratsContusionUTS Impactor1 N, 1 s dwellT9rhEPO, 5000 UI/kgOnce, 30 min post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 7 d and 28 d↑ in rhEPO treated (BBB)
↑ AQP4 in rhEPO at 7 d and 28 d
Guptarak et al[72]Sprague dawley male ratsContusionIH Impactor150 kdyn, 1 s dwellT10TMX, 1 mgOnce/day, 14 or 28 d post injury (acute), days 42-56 post injury (delayed)↑ AQP4 in untreated and 35 d↑ AQP4 in untreated and 35 d↑ in TMX treated at 14 d and 28 d (acute treatment) no BBB recovery in animals treated from day 42-56 (delayed treatment)
↑ AQP4 in TMX treated at 35 d↑ AQP4 in TMX treated at 35 d
Wu et al[61]C57B/L6 male miceContusionWeight drop5 g weight, 10 mm dropT10Melatonin, 50 mg/kgOnce, post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 48 h↑ levels in untreated at 48 h
↓ AQP4 in melatonin treated at 48 h↓ levels in melatonin treated at 48 h
Jing et al[63]C57B/L6 male miceContusionIH Impactor50 kdynT10Melatonin, 10 mg/kgTwice/day, 2 wk post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 7 d↑ levels in untreated at 7 d↑ in melatonin treated at 7, 10 and 14 d (BMS)
↓ AQP4 in melatonin treated at 7 d↓ levels in melatonin treated at 7 d
Zu et al[69]Sprague dawley male ratsContusionStriking bar150 gcf, 5 cm dropT8Curcumin, 40 mg/kgOnce, 30 min post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 72 h↑ AQP4 in untreated at 72 h↑ AQP4 in untreated at 72 h↑ levels in untreated at 72 hno difference in BBB scores with treatment
↓ AQP4 in curcumin treated at 72 h↓ AQP4 in curcumin treated at 72 h↓ AQP4 in curcumin treated at 72 h↓ levels in curcumin treated at 72 h
Hu et al[24]Sprague dawley female ratsContusionNYU weight drop device10 g weight, 25 mm dropT10Myelotomy, 3.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm deepOnce, 24 h after injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 2, 4 and 6 d↑ levels in untreated at 4 and 6 d, not at 2 d↑ in myelotomy treated at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d
↓ AQP4 in myelotomy treated at 4 and 6 d↓ levels in myelotomy treated at 4 and 6 d(BBB and inclinded plane test)
Mao et al[89]CD1 male miceCompressionVascular clip10 g force, 1 min holdT9SFN, 5 mg/kgOnce, 1 h post injury↓ AQP4 in untreated at 48 h↓ AQP4 in untreated at 48 h↓ AQP4 in untreated at 48 h↑ levels in untreated at 48 h
↑ AQP4 in SFN treated at 48 h↑ AQP4 in SFN treated at 48 h↑ AQP4 in SFN treated at 48 h↓ levels in SFN treated at 48 h
Fan et al[83]Sprague dawley male ratsCompressionWeight application5 g weight, 5 min holdT12AG, 150 mg/kgOnce, 24 h post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 24 h and 48 h↑ AQP4 in untreated at 48h↑ levels in untreated at 12, 24 and 48 h↑ in AG treated (BBB)
↓ AQP4 in AG treated at 24 h and 48 h↓ AQP4 in AG treated at 48 h↓ levels in AG treated 12, 24 and 48 h
Wang et al[82]Sprague dawley male ratsCompressionWeight application50 g weight, 5 min holdT122ME2, 2.5 mg/kgOnce, post injury↑ AQP4 in untreated at 6, 12 and 24 h
↓ AQP4 in 2ME2 treated at 12 h
Ge et al[84]Sprague dawley male ratsCompressionVascular clip30 g force, 1 min holdT12EGCG, 100 mg/kg1 ×/day, 3 d↑ AQP4 in untreated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h↑ AQP4 in untreated at 24 and 72 h↑ levels in untreated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h
↓ AQP4 in EGCG treated at 24, 48 and 72 h↓ AQP4 in EGCG treated at 24 and 72 h↓ levels in EGCG treated at 24, 48 and 72 h
Liu et al[58]Sprague dawley male ratsCompressionAneurysm clip5 min holdT12Melatonin, 100 mg/kg1 ×/day, 3 d↑ AQP4 in untreated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h↑ AQP4 in untreated at 24 and 72 h↑ levels in untreated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h
↓ AQP4 in melatonin treated at 24, 48 and 72 h↓ AQP4 in melatonin treated at 24 and 72 h↓ levels in melatonin treated at 24, 48 and 72 h