Depression in adults with epilepsy: Relationship to psychobiological variables

Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of the patients with epilepsy, patients with comorbid depression and patients without comorbid behavioral disorders

Demographic and clinical features	Patients (total) (n = 105)	Patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression (n = 51)	Patients with epilepsy and without comorbidpsychiatric disorders(n = 54)	P-value
Male/female	52/53	20/31	32/22	-
Age; yr	20-48 (30.87 ± 7.88)	20-48 (30.37 ± 7.68)	20-45 (31.40 ± 8.14)	0.511
Age at onset of disease; yr	1-40 (16.70 ± 8.68)	1-35 (14.69 ± 7.90)	3-40 (18.78 ± 9.05)	0.02
Duration of illness; yr	3-35 (13.89 ± 7.64)	4-31 (15.31 ± 7.20)	3-35 (12.42 ± 7.88)	0.57
Family history of epilepsy (positive)	17 (16.19%)	10 (19.61%)	7 (12.96%)	-
Type of epilepsy:
GTC	39 (37.14%)	21 (41.18%)	18 (33.33%)	-
Complex partial/partial epilepsy with secondary generalization:	66 (62.86%)	30 (58.52%)	36 (66.67%)	-
Frontal	26 (24.76%)	11 (21.57%)	15 (27.78%)
Temporal	36 (34.29%)	16 (31.37%)	20 (37.04%)	-
Parietal	4 (3.81%)	3 (5.88%)	1 (1.85%)	-
Side of epileptic foci:
Right	29 (27.62%)	15 (29.41%)	14 (25.93%)	-
Left	37 (35.24%)	15 (29.41%)	22 (40.74%)	-
AED(s) utilized
CBZ	55 (52.38%)	25 (49.02%)	30 (54.7%)	-
VPA	28 (22.87%)	11 (21.57%)	17 (31.48%)	-
Polytherapy	22 (20.95%)	15 (29.41%)	7 (12.96%)	-
Dose of AED(s) utilized; mg/d
CBZ	400-1200 (764.62 ± 342.6)	400-1200 (735.34 ± 358.5)	400-1200 (722.34 ± 377.9)	0.437
VPA	200-1400 (783.27 ±425.5)	200-1400 (777.27 ±400.2)	200-1400 (750.28 ± 452.7)	0.436
Duration of treatment; yr	2-30 (9.08 ± 4.13)	2-30 (9.12 ± 4.48)	3-20 (9.04 ± 3.80)	0.212
Serum drug level; µg/mL
CBZ	3.50-12.80 (9.05 ± 3.3)	3.50-12.80 (9.12 ± 4.5)	3.50-11.9 (8.14 ± 3.6)	0.924
VPA	30.04-115.40 (85.88 ± 35.0)	60.54-115.40 (80.64 ± 45.0)	30.04-102.60 (70.74 ± 35.0)	0.875
Degree of control on AED(s)
Controlled	28 (26.67%)	12 (23.53%)	16 (29.63%)	-
Partially controlled	23 (21.90%)	10 (19.61%)	13 (24.07%)	-
Uncontrolled	54 (51.43%)	29 (56.86%)	25 (46.30%)	-

Values are expressed as mean ± SD and number (%). Controlled: Seizure free for ≥ 1 year; partially controlled: occasional or rare in frequency; uncontrolled: very frequent or frequent in frequency. GTC: Generalized tonic-clonic; AEDs: Antiepileptic drugs; CBZ: Carbamazepine; VPA: Valproate; PHT: Phenytoin.