Copyright
©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Anesthesiol. Jul 27, 2015; 4(2): 17-29
Published online Jul 27, 2015. doi: 10.5313/wja.v4.i2.17
Published online Jul 27, 2015. doi: 10.5313/wja.v4.i2.17
Table 1 Immuno-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects of lignocaine
Effects | Immuno-modulating and inflammatory actions |
Anti-nociceptive and analgesic effects[12,16,17,34,101] | Interaction with nociceptive pathways |
Blockade of neuronal sodium channels | |
Blockade of potassium currents | |
Muscarinic receptor antagonist | |
Blockade of dopamine receptors | |
Glycine inhibitor | |
Reduction in excitatory amino acids | |
Reduction in thromboxane | |
Release of endogenous opioid peptides | |
Reduction in neurokinins | |
Release of ATP-adenosine triphosphate | |
Wound healing effects[19,38,39,102-104] | Retardation by reduction of mucopolysaccharide and collagen synthesis |
Reduction in recruitment and metabolic response of | |
Inhibition of thrombus formation | |
Antithrombotic activity | |
Inhibition of platelet aggregation via blockade of calcium influx | |
Mobilization of intracellular calcium stores | |
Inhibition of oxygen free radical production | |
Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines | |
Inhibition of vascular permeability | |
Inhibition of edema formation | |
Inhibition of immune cell mediators from monocytes[18,105] | Inhibition of interleukin 1α |
Inhibition of interleukin β | |
Inhibition of interleukin 8 | |
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor | |
Inhibition of immune cell mediators from neutrophils[18,24-26,28,33,102,106] | Inhibition of prostaglandins |
Inhibition of thromboxanes | |
Inhibition of leukotrienes | |
Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes | |
Inhibition of free radicals | |
Inhibition of immune cell mediators from mast cells[36] | Inhibition of histamine release |
Anti-bactericidal effects[16-18,43-46,107] | Inhibitory actions on Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Inhibitory actions on Escherichia coli | |
Inhibitory actions on Staphylococcus aureus | |
Inhibitory actions on Haemophilus influenza | |
Inhibitory actions on Mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
Anti-viral and anti-fungal effects[16,17,108] | Inhibitory actions on Herpes simplex virus |
Inhibitory actions on Candida albicans | |
Clinical effects in inflammation-related disease[109-117] | Protective effects in acute lung injury |
Protective effects in septic shock | |
Protective effects in cardiac ischemia | |
Beneficial effects in ischemia-reperfusion injuries | |
Protective effects in interstitial cystitis | |
Protective effects in ulcerative colitis | |
Protective effects in ulcerative proctitis | |
Protective effects in burn injuries | |
Accelerated return of bowel function in major surgery | |
Blockade of airway hyperactivity in asthma | |
Treatment of intractable hiccups | |
Beneficial effects in traumatic brain injury |
- Citation: Weinberg L, Peake B, Tan C, Nikfarjam M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lignocaine: A review. World J Anesthesiol 2015; 4(2): 17-29
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6182/full/v4/i2/17.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5313/wja.v4.i2.17