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World J Anesthesiol. Mar 27, 2014; 3(1): 82-95
Published online Mar 27, 2014. doi: 10.5313/wja.v3.i1.82
Published online Mar 27, 2014. doi: 10.5313/wja.v3.i1.82
Structural changes: gross and molecular level | Neuronal axon loss and pathology (more than seen with glial cells) |
Neural cytoskeleton changes resulting in neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques (induces glial cell-mediated inflammation) | |
Loss of dendrite components and decrease in neural synaptic activity | |
Amyloidoses due to amyloid protein accumulation | |
Biochemical changes | Neurotransmitter imbalance: mostly involves changes in serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine |
Circulatory changes: multi-infarct senile dementia; increased BBB permeability | |
Metabolic disturbances: atherosclerosis and associated blood flow and O2 consumption decreases | |
Functional sequelae | Gait changes |
Sleep and wakefulness alterations and EEG changes | |
Cognitive impairment | |
Decreased balance stability/physical equilibrium |
- Citation: Li J, Halaszynski TM. Regional anesthesia for acute pain management in elderly patients. World J Anesthesiol 2014; 3(1): 82-95
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6182/full/v3/i1/82.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5313/wja.v3.i1.82