Predicting lower limb periprosthetic joint infections: A review of risk factors and their classification

Table 6 Classification of risk factors and probability of infection (main factors)

	Risk factor	Minimum increase	Maximum increase	Statistical parameter	Ref.
Host-related risk factors
Modifiable	Systemic steroids	3.3	21	OR	[15,21]
	Tobacco use	3.4	12.76	OR	[23,32]
	Nasal MRSA infection	-	8.24	OR	[31]
	BMI < 20	-	6	OR	[21]
	Coronary artery disease	-	5.1	OR	[21]
	COPD	1.22	4.34	OR	[4,31]
	BMI > 40	-	4.13	OR	[23]
	Pre-operative BM	-	2.25		[17]
Non-modifiable	Diabetes	1.4	5.47	OR	[15,26]
	Liver cirrhosis	-	5.4	HR	[28]
	Male	1.89	3.55	HR,OR	[20,31]
	Age	-	3.36	OR	[26]
	Rheumatoid arthritis	1.18	3.3	OR	[4,15]
	Malignancy	-	3.1	OR	[5]
Provider-related risk factors
Modifiable	Quadriceps release (TKR)	-	4.76	HR	[20]
	Non-same day procedure	-	4.16	OR	[23]
	Prolonged operation	1.78	3.38	HR	[14,23]
Non-modifiable	Prolonged storage of blood	2.6	13.2	OR	[24]

BMI: Body mass index; RR: Relative risk; HR: Hazard ratio; OR: Odds ratio; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TKR: Total knee replacement.