Foot and ankle history and clinical examination: A guide to everyday practice

Table 9 Three common pathologies and the related necessary clinical tests[7]

Special pathology	Required tests
Pes cavus	Claw toes Examine peroneal tendons Tibialis anterior and posterior Coleman block test Examine the Achilles tendon Full lower and upper limb neurological examination Hand - inspect for muscle wasting Spine
Pes planus	Single leg sustained tip toe test Testing tibialis posterior power Too many toes sign Examine the Achilles tendon
Hallux valgus/ rigidus	Dorsal osteophyte Passive ROM Grind tests Correct the deformity Examine the Achilles tendon