Arterial complications, venous thromboembolism and deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review

Table 4 Data venous thromboembolism and thromboprophylaxis

Ref.	Study design	Number ACLR	Mean age(yr)	Male (M)Female (F)	Graft type	Mean duration surgery (min)	Mean tourniquet time (min)	BMI(kg/m2)	Thromboprophylaxis	Hospital stay (d)
Marlovits et al[20]	RCT	140 (87 vs 88 placebo)	29.9 ± 7.4 vs 30.2 ± 6.9	M 63% F 60%	BTPB	Mean > 120	?	Comparable between groups	Yes (enoxaparin 3-8 d + 20 d enoxaparin vs enoxaparin 3-8 d + placebo)	3-8
Mohtadi et al[21]	RCT	330	28.5 (14-50)	M 183 F 147	BPTB, hamstring	?	?	?	?	?
Adala et al[6]	PC	112	31.6	M 61 F 51	Hamstring	64.9 ± 7.8	?	?	None	2
Cullison et al[10]	PC	67	26.5 (19-39)	All men	BPTB	?	83 (0-115)	?	None	?
Hirota et al[25]	PC	30	24.1 ± 8.3	M 14 F 16	?	?	?	?	None	?
Hirota et al[22]	PC	40 (20 ACLR vs 20 TKA)	26.7 ± 13.4 vs 71.3 ± 6.8	M:F ACLR 10:10 vs TKA 6:14	?		87.1 ± 24.4 vs 87.2 ± 18.4	?	None	?
Lind et al[23]	PC	5818	?	M approximately 57%	BPTB and hamstring	Prim. ACLR 69.4 ± 21.1; rev. ACLR 90.0 ± 32.3	?	?	18.5% (prim. ACLR 15.7%; rev. ACLR 20.8%)	?
Maletis et al[11]	PC	Prim. ACLR 15101	Prim. ACLR 29.5 ± 11.5	M 9604 F 5497	Autograft 57.6%, allografts 42.4%	?	?	≥ 30 = 23.3%	?	?
		Rev. ACLR 1091	Rev. ACLR 29.8 ± 10.7	M 693 F 398	Autograft 20.9%, allografts 78.8%	?	?	≥ 30 = 20.8%	?	?
Struijk-Mulder et al[5]	PC	100	30.0 ± 10.0	M 77 F 23	Autograft HS 84, BPTB 14 allograft 2	68.0 ± 22.0	76.0 ± 23.0	25.0 ± 4.0	None	1 to 2
Williams et al[24]	PC	23	31 (19-42)	M 17 F 6	BPTB	?	103 (89-136)	?	None	2-3
Born et al[26]	RC	136 ACLR + multiligament rec.	VTE group 42 (24-43); Non-VTE group 31 (SD 11)	DVT group M:F 3:0; Non-VTE group 103:28	?	VTE group 152.0; Non-VTE group 233 ± 76	VTE group 78.0; Non-VTE group 102 ± 54	VTE group 35 (28-42); Non-VTE group 30 (SD 7)	Yes (before 2007, 3 wk aspirin. After 2007, LMWH 3 wk)	?
Dong et al[8]	RC	152 ACLR	34.9	M 91 F 61	Hamstring/allograft	?	3 groups < 90, 90-120, > 120	22.6	None	?
Ettema et al[27]	RC	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	50% prescribed LMWH or coumarin during hospital stay; 5% for 1-2 wk; 2% for 3-4 wk and 35% for 6 wk
Gaskill et al[2]	RC	15767 ACLR + HTO/PCL non specified	28.9 (SD 7.6)	M 13794	?	?	?	27.8	?	? ?
Hetsroni et al[30]	RC	58863 ACLR, total 418323 arthroscopies	PE group 50.3 (15-79) vs non-PE group 45.5 (0-100)	F 2764 PE group F 57.3% vs non-PE group	?	?	?	(SD 4.0) ?	?	?
Jameson et al[28]	RC	13941	29.3 (8-83)	F 46.8% M 79.5%	?	?	?	?	?	1-4
Jaureguito et al[7]	RC	131 group 1 (knee arthroscopy)	?	F 20.5% M 73	-	?	?	?	Aspirin (325 mg) daily for 3 wk postsurgery if age > 45 yr	?
		108 group 2 (ACLR, osteotomy)		F 58 M 60	?	?	?	?	Idem	?
Sun et al[29]	RC	231	23.6	F 48 M 69.3%	?	88.4	67.5	24.5	None	?
Ye et al[4]	RC	171	30.1 ± 10.0	F 30.7% M 123	Hamstring	86.9 ± 26.4	69.9 ± 15.9	24.4 ± 3.2	None	4
				F 48
Ackerman et al[55]	CR	1	45	F 1	BPTB	?	0	?	Aspirin 325 mg daily	Outpatient
Chien et al[50]	CR	1	34	M 1	?	110	?	30	none	?
Janssen et al[13]	CR	1	19	F 1	Hamstring	96	110	27.5	LMWH during hospital stay	3
Kang et al[51]	CR	1 (+MCL rec.)	48	F 1	Hamstring	?	90	?	None	?
Liu et al[52]	CR	1	34	M 1	Hamstring	110	119	30.1	None	5
Theron et al[53]	CR	1	30	F 1	?	?	?	?	?	Occurred day after surgery

ACLR: ACL reconstruction; BPTB: Bone-patellar tendon-bone; TKA: Total knee arthroplasty; LMWH: Low molecular weight heparin; HTO: High tibial osteotomy; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; PCL: Posterior cruciate ligament; prim: Primary; MCL: Medial collateral ligament; rev: Revision; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; PC: Prospective cohort study; RS: Retrospective study; CR: Case report; SD: Standard deviation; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; rec.: Reconstruction.