Quantifying prosthetic gait deviation using simple outcome measures

Table 1 Summary of results

Participant characteristics	Summary statistic	Transtibial	Transfemoral	Able-bodied
Number	Count	12	8	28
Number of women	Count	3	3	16
Age (yr)	Mean (SD)	61.7 (12.6)	63.3 (12.0)	60.6 (7.8)
BMI (kg/m2)	Mean (SD)	27.3 (6.5)	25.4 (4.4)	25.6 (3.1)
Ageamp (yr)	Mean (SD)	40.9 (19.2)	38.9 (23.0)	NA
Time (yr)	Median (IQR)	17.0 (27.3)	22.5 (38.5)	NA
Use (h/d)	Median (IQR)	15.5 (1.0)	13.0 (10.0)	NA
Performance-based outcomes
GDI (-)a	Mean (SD)	81.2 (13.6)	68.8 (8.8)	NA
nSL (-)ab	Mean (SD)	0.76 (0.11)	0.65 (0.10)	0.87 (0.06)
nSSWS (/s)ab	Mean (SD)	1.36 (0.27)	1.01 (0.23)	1.72 (0.19)
TUGT (s)ab	Median (IQR)	10.0 (2.0)	12.7 (7.5)	7.9 (1.4)
6MWD (m)ab	Mean (SD)	412 (91)	295 (85)	520.3 (56.2)
Self reported outcomes
AM (/100)	Mean (SD)	78.4 (18.5)	64.0 (19.9)	NA
AP (/100)	Mean (SD)	72.2 (14.5)	63.0 (14.2)	NA
FR (/100)	Median (IQR)	76.0 (64.4)	67.6 (59.6)	NA
PR (/100)	Median (IQR)	94.7 (15.1)	95.8 (20.9)	NA
RL (/100)	Mean (SD)	63.4 (24.3)	64.7 (25.4)	NA
SB (/100)a	Median (IQR)	93.6 (11.3)	80.13 (34.6)	NA
SO (/100)	Median (IQR)	70.5 (46.0)	85.3 (67.1)	NA
UT (/100)	Median (IQR)	77.9 (18.0)	68.3 (44.7)	NA
WB (/100)	Median (IQR)	86.2 (23.4)	53.8 (61.2)	NA

^aSignificant differences between transtibial and transfemoral amputees, P ≤ 0.05;

^bSignificant differences between able-bodied and amputee groups. BMI: Body mass index measured with prosthesis on; IQR: Inter-quartile range; nSL: Leg-length normalised average step length; nSSWS: Leg-length normalised self selected walking speed; TUGT: Timed-up-and-go test; 6MWD: Six-minute walk distance; AM: Ambulation; AP: Appearance; FR: Frustration; PR: Perceived response; RL: Residual limb health; SB: Social burden; SO: Sounds; UT: Utility; WB: Well being; NA: Not available; GDI: Gait deviation index.