Major osteoporotic fragility fractures: Risk factor updates and societal impact

Table 1 Clinical risk factors associated with increased risk of fragility fracture

Risk factors associated with low BMD and fracture	Risk factors for falls
For woman as for men
1Increased age	Age
1Low BMI	Environmental risk
1Hystory of fragility fractures	Previous falls
1Previous fragility fractures	Dehydratation
1Parental hystory of fragility fractures	Depression
Recent falls	Poor vision
1Premature menopause	Sarcopenia
1Untrated hypogonadism	Urgent urinary incontinence
Poor neuromuscular function	Malnutrition
1Prolonged immobilization and inactivity	Neurological risk factors
1Alcohol intake
1Current smoking
1Glucocorticoids treatment (≥ 5 mg preadnisolone daily for 3 mo or more)
1Type I diabetes (and other endocrine disorders)
Vitamin D insufficiency
1Rheumatoid arthritis (and other rheumatologic diseases)
Aromatase inhibitor for breast cancer treatment
Chemioterapy for breast cancer
1Thyroid disorders
Cronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anorexia nervosa (and other hypogonadal states)
Depressed mood
Tricyclic antidepressant use
Stroke
IBD and other gastrointestinal disorders
Organ transplantation
Hematologic disorders
Neurological and muscoloskeletal risks

Adapted from Cosman et al[13] with modification.

¹CRFs for fracture risk assessment from tool FRAX^®. BMD: Bone mineral density; CRFs: Clinical risk factors; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; BMI: Body mass index.