Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Orthop. Nov 18, 2016; 7(11): 709-717
Published online Nov 18, 2016. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i11.709
Table 2 Systemic effects of clinical depression on immune system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Target systemEffect
Immunologic systemIncreased interleukin-1 Increased interleukin-6 Increased tumor necrosis factor-α
Musculoskeletal systemDecreased bone formation Increased bone resorption (likely 2/2 increased interleukin-1 and subsequent osteoclast activity)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisIncreased cortisol