Diabetes and its negative impact on outcomes in orthopaedic surgery

Table 1 Complications of diabetes potentially affecting orthopaedic surgery patients

Retinopathy

Visual impairment leading to falls

Peripheral neuropathy

Balance issues

Gait abnormalities

Lack of protective sensation

Increased risk of surgical site infection

Increased risk of nonunion

Peripheral artery disease

Impaired lower extremity blood supply leading to faulty healing

End stage renal disease

Metabolic bone disease

Anemia of chronic disease

Poorly controlled diabetes (hyperglycemia)

Increased risk of surgical site infection

Impaired bone and soft tissue healing