Cartilage repair techniques of the talus: An update

Table 1 Indications and contraindications for autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the talus (modified to[61])

Indication	Contraindication
symptomatic full-thickness chondral/osteochondral lesions	Osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis
focal lesion > 1.5 cm2 in size	so-called kissing lesions
lesion with necrotic bone/fibrous tissue base	ligamentous instability (can be corrected in conjunction with the ACT procedure)
failed previous traditional surgery	axial malalignment
(i.e., drilling or microfracture)	(should be previously corrected)
patients younger than 45 yr of age	children/teenagers
	patients older than 45 yr of age

ACT: Autologous chondrocyte transplantation.