Research in spinal surgery: Evaluation and practice of evidence-based medicine

Table 3 Outcome tools in spinal surgery

Topic	Tool	Notes
Pain	VAS	May be used for generalized or localized pain
Disability	ODI, NDI	Evaluates multiple life experiences
		The NDI is an adaptation of ODI for patients with neck disability
Myelopathy	JOA, mJOA	Evaluates motor function, sensation, and bladder function
Quality of life	SRS-22, EQ-5D-5L, SF-36	SRS-22 developed for patients with spinal deformity

VAS: Visual analog scale; NDI: Neck disability index; ODI: Oswestry disability index; JOA: Japanese Orthopaedic Association; mJOA: Modified JOA; SRS-22: Scoliosis Research Society-22; SF-36: Short Form-36.