Research in spinal surgery: Evaluation and practice of evidence-based medicine

doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.89

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Apr 18, 2014 (publication date) through Jan 8, 2025

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Orthop. Apr 18, 2014; 5(2): 89-93
Published online Apr 18, 2014. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.89

Table 2 Levels of evidence

Evidence level	Therapeutic studies: Evaluating results of treatment	Prognostic studies: Evaluating outcome of disease
I	RCT	Prospective study (> 80% follow-up)
I	Systematic review of level 1 RCTs	Systematic review of level I studies
II	Prospective cohort study	Retrospective study
	Poor quality RCT (e.g., < 80% follow-up)	Systematic review of level II studies
	Systematic review of level III studies
III	Case control study
	Retrospective cohort study
	Systematic review of level III studies
IV	Case series	Case series
V	Expert opinion	Expert opinion

Adapted from Wright et al[8]. RCT: Randomized controlled trial.

Citation: Oppenlander ME, Maulucci CM, Ghobrial GM, Harrop JS. Research in spinal surgery: Evaluation and practice of evidence-based medicine. World J Orthop 2014; 5(2): 89-93
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v5/i2/89.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.89