Normal and abnormal spine and thoracic cage development

Figure 1 Sitting and standing height. From birth to age five, the development of the trunk is substantial. Between age 5 and puberty, the lower extremities grow more than the trunk and the spinal growth rate decreases from 2.2 to 1.1 cm/year. During puberty, the trunk grows more than the lower extremities. At the beginning of puberty, the remaining standing height is approximately 20 cm, of which 2/3 is at the level of the trunk and 1/3 is at the level of the lower extremities. At Risser I (menarche), the remaining growth of the trunk is approximately 3 to 4 cm.