Accuracy of artificial intelligence in prediction of osteoporotic fractures in comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool: A systematic review

Table 1 Description of analyzed studies

Ref.	AI	Number of patients	Sex	Site of fracture	Area under the curve
Dong et al[14], 2023	DL	1790	Male	Spine	0.95
Shimizu et al[15], 2022	ML	7000	Male/female	Hip	0.75
Kong et al[16], 2022	CNN	1595	NR	Hip/spine	0.97
Dong et al[17], 2022	DL	4461	Male	Spine	0.99
Ulivieri et al[18], 2021	ANN	172	Female	Spine	0.87
de Vries et al[19], 2021	ANN DeepSurv model	7578	Male/female	Spine and hip	NR
Villamor et al[20], 2020	Neural networks	137	Female	Hip	NR
Beyaz et al[21], 2020	CNN	65	Male/Female	Hip	0.98
Muehlematter et al[22], 2019	ML	58	Female	Spine	0.97
Ferizi et al[23], 2019	ML	32	Female	Hip	0.92
Kruse et al[24], 2019	ML	6606	Male/female	Hip and spine	0.91
Ho-Le et al[25], 2017	ANN	1167	Female	Hip	0.94
Tseng et al[26], 2013	ANN	434	Male/Female	Hip	0.87

AI: Artificial intelligence; ANN: Artificial neural network; CNN: Convolutional neural network; DL: Deep learning; ML: Machine learning; NR: Not reported.