Cross-talks between osteoporosis and gut microbiome

Figure 1 Mechanism of healthy and dysbiotic microbiome resulting in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis respectively. Transforming growth factor-β from the healthy microbiome promotes proliferation and early differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and matrix production. Interleukin-10 from the healthy microbiome inhibits differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts through upregulation of osteoprotegerin. Tumour necrosis factor-α from the T cells of dysbiotic microbiome results in the secretion of chemokines by BM-MSCs that increases the recruitment of monocytes into the bone marrow. Active differentiation of the monocytes into osteoclasts resulting in enhanced bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. BM-MSCs: Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IL: Interleukin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.