Novel association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosis: A prospective cross-sectional study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 85), (mean ± standard deviation)

Characteristic	Low	Middle	High	P value
No. of participants	28	29	28
Age (years)	71.0 ± 10.2	65.1± 8.7	57.1 ± 11.1	< 0.001
Height (cm)	1.6 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.1	0.007
Weight (kg)	60.6 ± 9.2	64.6 ± 11.0	67.4 ± 10.4	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	22.3 ± 3.2	23.1 ± 3.5	24.0 ± 3.4	< 0.001
FEV1 (L)	1.8 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.1	< 0.001
FEV1/FVC% (L)	62.2 ± 11.9	64.2 ± 16.3	71.2 ± 15.9	< 0.001
BMD (mg/cm3)	53.9 ± 17.1	98.2 ± 9.0	139.8 ± 24.7	< 0.001
Sex, n (%)				< 0.001
Male	55.7	75.5	77.8
Female	44.3	24.5	22.2
Smoke, n (%)				< 0.001
Yes	52.2	39.1	54.3
No	5.9	20.3	24.3
Yes, give up	41.9	33.8	33.0
Physical activity, n (%)				0.014

Grouping of bone mineral density (BMD): Low group: ≤ 80.5 mg/cm³; middle group: 80.6-115.7 mg/cm³; high group: > 115.7 mg/cm³. BMI: Body mass index; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC%: Forced vital capacity percentage.