Limited evidence to support demineralized bone matrix in foot and ankle surgical procedures: A systematic review

Table 3 Osseous union, complications, failures and secondary procedures

Ref.	Patients (N)	Ankles/Hindfoot/Joints (N)	Union (%)	Non-union (%)	Complications	Failures	Secondary procedures
Tricot et al[6]	30	45	37 (82.2)	8 (17.8)	Nonunion = 8, heterotopic ossification = 2	11	Repeat procedure = 11
Tricot et al[6]	52	70	62 (88.6)	8 (11.4)	Nonunion = 8, heterotopic ossification = 4, infection = 3	10	Repeat procedure = 10
Schlickewei et al[5]	31	31	27 (87.1)	4 (12.9)	Nonunion = 4, superficial wound infection = 2, symptomatic hardware = 6	9	Revision arthrodesis due to nonunion = 3, hardware removal = 6
Bibbo and Patel[7]	33	33	33 (100)	0 (0)	Incisional nonhealing = 5, full-length wound dehiscense = 1, skin sloughing = 1	n/r	n/r
Brigido et al[19]	13	13	n/r	n/r	DVT = 1	0	0
Crosby and Fitzgibbons[8]	42	42	31 (73.8)	3 (7)	Nonunion = 3, delayed union = 2, infection = 5, symptomatic hardware = 10, stress fracture = 2, progressive symptomatic subtalar arthritis = 4, guide pin shear = 1	n/r	Hardware removal = 4, open procedure = 1, electrical stimulation = 1, debridement = 1
Galli et al[9]	12	12	n/r	n/r	DVT = 1	0	n/r
Hunt and Anderson[10]	8	8	8 (100)	0 (0)	0	0	n/r
Hunt and Anderson[10]	1	1	1 (100)	0 (0)	0	0	n/r
Iyer et al[20]	17	17	17 (100)	0 (0)	Symptomatic hardware = 2, Arthritis = 3, 2nd toe hammering = 1, stiffness = 1, MTPJ pain = 3, prominent hardware = 1	11	Modified lapidus = 4, hardware removal = 2
Lareau et al[11]	25	25	25 (100)	0 (0)	0	n/r	n/r
Park et al[18]	9	10	n/r	n/r	Residual defect = 5, Healed cyst = 5	n/r	n/r
Thordarson and Latteier[12]	37	37	32 (86.5)	5 (13.5)	Nonunion = 5	5	n/r
Thordarson and Latteier[12]	26	26	24 (92.3)	2 (7.7)	Nonunion = 2	2	n/r
Weinraub and Cheung[13]	1	1	0 (0)	1 (100)	Nonunion = 1	1	n/r
Weinraub and Cheung[13]	12	12	12 (100)	0 (0)	0	0	n/r
Sherman et al[14]	14	14	13 (92.9)	1 (7.1)	Nonunion = 1, infection = 1	1	n/r

DBM: Demineralized bone matrix; BMA: Bone marrow aspirate; MTPJ: Metatarsophalangeal joint; n/r: Not recorded.