Limited evidence to support demineralized bone matrix in foot and ankle surgical procedures: A systematic review

Table 2 Study characteristics and patient characteristics

Ref.	LOE	Patients (N)	Ankles/Hindfoot/Joints (N)	Follow up (months)	Age	M/F	R/L	Surgical procedure	DBM utilized	DBM volume (cc)
Tricot et al[6]	3	30	45	17	56.5	16/14	n/r	TT arthrodesis = 6, TT + ST arthrodesis = 11, ST arthrodesis = 8, ST + TN arthrodesis = 2, ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 2, CC arthrodesis = 0, TT + ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 1	DBM was supplied by the tissue bank at the Saint-Luc University Clinic in Brussels and made from allogenic cortical bone	6
Tricot et al[6]	3	52	70	12.5	56	27/27	n/r	TT arthrodesis = 9, TT + ST arthrodesis = 8, ST arthrodesis = 19, ST + TN arthrodesis = 6, ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 6, CC arthrodesis = 2, TT + ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 2	DBM was supplied by the tissue bank at the Saint-Luc University Clinic in Brussels and made from allogenic cortical bone	9
Schlickewei et al[5]	4	31	31	43	58.2	10/21	16/15	Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis = 31	DBX Inject (Depuy Synthes, Solothurn, Switzerland)	2-5
Bibbo and Patel[7]	3	33	33	22.4	42.2	23/10	20/13	Calcaneal fracture ORIF = 31	Allomatrix (Wright Medical, Arlington, TN)	5-10
Brigido et al[19]	4	13	13	12	43.2	6/7	10/3	Demineralized subchondral allograft = 13	SC Plug (Bacterin International, Belgrade, MT)	n/r
Crosby and Fitzgibbons[8]	4	42	42	27	46	25/16	n/r	Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis = 42	n/r	n/r
Galli et al[9]	4	12	12	24	43.9	5/7	9/3	Demineralized Allograft Subchondral Bone = 12	OsteoSponge SC (Bacterin, MT)	n/r
Hunt and Anderson[10]	4	8	8	27.3	27	6/2	2/6	Intramedullary screw fixation for Jones fracture = 8	Ignite (Wright Medical, Arlington, TN)	1-2
Hunt and Anderson[10]	4	1	1	14	15	0/1	0/1	Intramedullary screw fixation for Jones fracture = 1	Ignite (Wright Medical, Arlington, TN)	1-2
Iyer et al[20]	4	17	17	28.8	47.7	3/14	8/9	Akin osteotomy = 10, Second hammertoe correction = 6, Medial sesamoidectomy = 1	Bonus DBM (Biomet, IN)	n/r
Lareau et al[11]	4	25	25	6	24	25/0	10/15	Intramedullary screw fixation for Jones fracture = 25	Mini-Ignite (Wright Medical, Arlington, TN)	n/r
Park et al[18]	3	9	10	33.7	18.9	6/3	3/5	Cyst debridement and resection = 10	Injecta Bone TR (Modumedi Ltd., Daegu, Korea)	n/r
Thordarson and Latteier[12]	3	37	37	12 to 78	50.8	17/20	n/r	TT arthrodesis = 5, ST arthrodesis = 6, ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 20, CC arthrodesis = 1, TT + ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 1, TTC arthrodesis = 3, TT + CC arthrodesis = 1	Grafton Putty (Osteotech, NJ)	n/r
Thordarson and Latteier[12]	3	26	26	12 to 78	49.9	12/14	n/r	TT arthrodesis = 1, ST arthrodesis = 6, ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 14, CC arthrodesis = 0, TT + ST + TN + CC arthrodesis = 1, TTC arthrodesis = 4, TT + CC arthrodesis = 0	Orthoblast (SeaSpine, CA)	n/r
Weinraub and Cheung[13]	3	1	1	10	62	n/r	n/r	TN + ST + CC arthrodesis = 1	n/r (MTF, NJ)	n/r
Weinraub and Cheung[13]	3	12	12	10	43.9	n/r	n/r	TN arthrodesis = 1, MCJ arthrodesis = 4, Evans osteotomy = 1, Evans + Cotton osteotomy = 1, ST arthrodesis = 2, 1st MTPJ arthrodesis = 1, ST + NC + 1st MTPJ arthrodesis = 1	n/r (MTF, NJ)	n/r
Sherman et al[14]	4	14	14	22.6	52.1	5/9	n/r	TTC arthrodesis augmented with fresh-frozen femoral head allograft, cBMA, DBM = 14	n/r	n/r

LOE: Level of evidence; R: Right; L: left; M: Male; F: Female; cc: Cubic centimeters; TT: Tibiotalar; ST: Subtalar; CC: Calcaneocuboid; BMA: Bone marrow aspirate; MTPJ: Metatarsophalangeal joint; NC: Naviculocuneiform; TTC: tibiotalarcalcaneal; cBMA: Concentrated bone marrow aspirate; TN: Talonavicular, MTF: Musculoskeletal transplantation foundation; MCJ: Metatarsalcuneiform joint; DBP: Demineralized bone powder; ORIF: Open reduction internal fixation; n/r: Not recorded.